Hedonic models let every attribute speak without shouting over the block. Start simple: beds, baths, square feet, lot, age, parking, and condition, then layer interactions that capture corner light or garden exposure. Regularization tames multicollinearity while cross-validation guards humility. We once learned that an elegant polynomial bowed to a straightforward per-square-foot slope adjusted by micro-zones drawn from actual walking paths.
Repeat-sales methods follow the same home across time, filtering style differences and seller personality. At block scale, careful matching and renovation flags are essential; a kitchen gut can masquerade as macro appreciation. We maintain light-touch renovation proxies from permits and listing photos. The payoff is a resilient growth index that survives listing fads, décor cycles, and algorithmic noise during thin periods.
Spatial smoothing can respect real edges when it listens to human geography. Kernel weights that cross a freeway or river too easily manufacture fantasy gradients. We prefer networks that follow walkable routes, stop where stairs begin, and accent cul-de-sacs. A tiny tweak in neighbor definitions once turned a hazy blob into a crisp boundary that residents already intuitively described.
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